Pages: 8 Words: Pages: 13 Words: Pages: 4 Words: Pages: 7 Words: Pages: 6 Words: Pages: 5 Words: Log In Sign Up. Saferstein] on donkeytime. Richard Saferstein. Forensic Science. An Introduction. Below are the links for each chapter in pdf format: Chapter 1 Introduction.
Chapter 2 The Crime Scene. This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. James , Jon J. Nordby , Suzanne Bell , Jon J. Nordby, Ph. Written by highly respected forensic scientists and legal practitioners, Forensic Science: An Introduction to Scientific and Investigative Techniques, Second Edition covers the latest theories and practices in areas such as DNA testing, toxicology, chemistry of explosives and arson, and vehicle accident reconstruction.
Personnel from the FBI lab also travel to foreign countries to help indigenous law enforcement agents solve crimes against United States citizens and those with global implications.
It also works with foreign countries to help eradicate illicit drugs or help prevent their importation into the United States. The Department of the Treasury Most people are surprised to find that the Department of the Treasury has crime labs, but in fact it has several.
These labs have definite areas of responsibility. This is a revenue function that explains why the agency is in the Department of the Treasury. Likewise, the BATF has similar functions in the tobacco industry to ensure that the proper taxes have been paid on cigarettes and that contraband tobacco products such as Cuban cigars are not imported illegally.
The firearms mission is a bit different. The Bureau is charged with making sure illegal firearms are not produced, imported, or exported and that the proper taxes and duties are paid on legal weapons. The labs also have expertise in trace evidence, fingerprints, and questioned documents.
The Secret Service www. Certainly the protective function is the most visible part of the Service, but not the only one. The Secret Service maintains a laboratory in Washington, D.
It supports the protective services of the agency by continuously developing methods that counter attempts to harm the people that the Service is guarding.
In addition, the agency is charged with preventing attempts at counterfeiting money and credit cards. This explains why the agency is in the Department of the Treasury. As one would expect, there are leading experts in counterfeiting and questioned documents as well as trace evidence employed in the Secret Service lab.
The IRS is charged with making sure that everyone pays a fair share of taxes according to the law and there are many IRS agents who do that job. They are supported by a laboratory in Chicago, whose major expertise lies in the area of questioned documents. This lab utilizes experts in handwriting, typewriting and printers, inks, and papers. In addition to their analytical work, they carry out numerous training activities for other agencies.
The Department of the Interior www. What do they need with a crime lab? Well, yes and no. The FBI lab has a lot of experts, but none in wildlife biology and animal body parts. This lab supports the enforcement activities of the fish and wildlife agents who patrol the national parks and forests to help prevent poaching and hunting of endangered species.
The lab also supports such efforts worldwide. The United States Postal Service www. Such crimes can include fraud, extortion, mailing anthrax or another dangerous substance to a government official, illegal gambling, and other shady activities such as pyramid schemes, etc.
The emphasis here is on document analysis but other areas of forensic science are also represented. These include trace evidence and fingerprints. The Postal Service is a quasi-governmental agency, meaning that it is private but is also government subsidized. The types and numbers of laboratories depend on the size and population of the state. For example, Montana has one laboratory that serves the entire state, whereas California has more than fifty public laboratories that operate at all levels of government.
Every state has at least one publicly funded forensic science laboratory. Some states have a consolidated laboratory division that may also include health department, toxicology and agricultural laboratories, and state medical examiner or coroner.
For example, the Michigan State police have seven regional laboratories throughout the state. The headquarters lab in Lansing is considered full-service. It has all of the forensic science services needed in the state including toxicology and behavioral analytical capabilities. The other six labs provide the services that are in the most demand locally such as drug analysis, trace evidence, firearms, and fingerprints.
In addition to staterun laboratories, most states have some locally controlled facilities. In Maryland, some of the larger counties have laboratories attached to the county police.
In California, the county sheriff in many large counties such as Los Angeles supervises an associated crime lab. Many large cities also have their own crime labs, usually within their police departments. Private Forensic Science Laboratories Besides the federal, state, and local forensic science crime labs, there are numerous private laboratories and their number is increasing. Many of the one-person labs have been started by forensic scientists who retired from public laboratories.
They continue to ply their trade using prior contacts and word of mouth or print advertising to build a client base. In the criminal arena, they usually work for defendants. The prosecutor has the use of the local or state public laboratory and in most cases, the defendant cannot have access to the public facilities unless a judge specifically orders it.
The private labs perform a service to the criminal justice system by providing resources for defendants of crimes. A few private laboratories operate in the public arena. For example, the Northern Illinois Police Crime Laboratory is a private laboratory that contracts its services to the northeastern areas of Illinois between Chicago and the Wisconsin border near Milwaukee.
Orchid performs the majority of noncriminal paternity testing in the United States each year. One area where private labs seem to prosper is forensic engineering. Most professional forensic engineers are privately employed.
They may work for the prosecutor, the plaintiff, or the defendant. Some are connected with colleges or universities and work as consultants on the side. Other Forensic Science Systems There is no standard organizational structure for a forensic science laboratory system.
Each country has a system that best meets its needs. Organizational decisions are based on historical precedent, population and its distribution, resources available, and levels and patterns of crime. Originally, the police had access to the FSS for free; the government supported the laboratories. In , the Forensic Science Service was complete revamped. The system adopted a pay-as-you-go process for all clients, including law enforcement agencies.
Access to the system was also given to people accused of crimes at the same costs borne by others. The system adapted to the new technology methods and is prospering today. Australia In a country the size of the U. Each of the seven states in Australia supports some type of laboratory.
These range from single, full-service laboratories such as the Victoria Police Science Centre near Melbourne, to the fragmented system in New South Wales, which uses separate laboratories for firearms and fingerprints and for drugs and for chemical evidence. There is also a laboratory within the Australian Federal Police in Canberra.
These include development of a forensic science laboratory system. There are four regional laboratories. Three are part of the federal law enforcement system, which includes the Prosecutor General and the national police. The fourth is a medical lab that supports the national medical examiner system. The Organization of Forensic Science Laboratories If you were to look at the inside of a forensic science laboratory it would, at first glance, look like any other analytical laboratory.
There are lots of instruments, glassware, implements, and scientists in white lab coats and safety glasses. Like most laboratories, forensic science labs are secure facilities that allow only very limited, escorted access to the public. Many crime labs have few windows because windows are less secure.
On the other hand, questioned document examiners like to have windows in their sections because they like to have natural light for document examination. The common sections of a crime lab are listed below. In order for physical evidence to be admissible in a court for a trial, it must be authenticated. That is, there must be proof that the evidence seized at the crime scene is the same evidence that is now being introduced into court.
There must be a document that records who was in custody of the evidence at all times. The evidence must be kept in a secure container such that any attempt to breach the seal would be evident. When the evidence container is opened, the person opening it must reseal it with his or her initials and the date and time. All of these procedures and the custody record collectively make up the chain of custody.
An improper chain of custody can be grounds to render evidence inadmissible. Once impounded, the evidence will be put in a locked storage room. At some point, the evidence will be assigned to one or more scientists for processing. Some items of evidence require more than one type of analysis and decisions will have to be made about which section analyzes it first.
One of the important considerations here is to make sure that one test done on the evidence does not ruin it for another test. The blood will have to be removed and tested for DNA. The order in which these tests are done is important. When a decision is made, the evidence is turned over to the scientist, who uses a bar code to log possession of the evidence.
The intake section. This is at the front of the lab. There will usually be an intake officer who will log in the evidence to the laboratory information system LIMS. Typically, a bar code will be affixed to all of the pieces of evidence. Each item will have its own unique identification number. The analysis area s. This is the familiar laboratory setting. The area where the chemicals are kept is also isolated from the instruments because chemicals and electronics are not compatible.
Each scientist has a dedicated area of the lab for evidence handling. The instruments are used by all of the scientists.
In many larger laboratories, each scientist has his or her own safe or other locked storage device for keeping evidence while it is in his or her custody. Other sections of the lab. Depending on the size and nature of the lab, other sections are used by scientists from time to time. Some labs have a garage where cars can be kept for inspection and searching.
Many firearms sections have huge stainless steel tanks full of water used to test-fire weapons for comparison with bullets or cartridges recovered from crime scenes. Some large labs have collections of seized weapons as well as ammunition. If there is a polygraph section of the lab, there will be one or more interrogation rooms.
Summary Forensic science is the application of scientific methods to solving crimes. Any science can be a forensic science if it has an application within the criminal justice system. The largest area of forensic science is criminalistics, which includes the physical evidence commonly found at crime scenes. There are about four hundred crime labs in the United States. Several departments in the federal government have forensic science labs.
These include Justice, Treasury, and Interior. Each state has its own forensic science laboratory system. These include labs run by state or local government. Forensic scientists analyze evidence and testify in court as expert witnesses.
They may also go to some crime scenes where especially serious or notorious crimes have been committed. Crime laboratories must be secure so that evidence can be protected. There are many types of labs, but each has an intake section, an analysis section, and a storage location for evidence. Test Yourself Multiple Choice 1.
Which of the following federal departments does not have a forensic science lab? Interior b. Justice c. Commerce d. Treasury e. All of the above have forensic science labs 2. Which of the following is generally not considered to be a forensic science? Chemistry b. Biology c. Anthropology d. Odontology e. Sociology 3. Which of the following is not part of forensic anthropology?
Matching teeth to a bitemark b. Identification of skeletal remains c. Building a face on a skull d. Superimposition of the picture of a face onto a skull e. Determining the gender of a skeleton 5. DNA typing is part of: a. Forensic pathology b. Criminalistics c. Odontology d. Engineering e. Criminal investigation 6. If a forensic science laboratory uses a barcode system as part of its evidence identification, the barcode would be affixed to the evidence when: a.
The evidence is about to be analyzed b. When the final report is written c. As soon as the evidence is accepted by the lab d. When the evidence is put in central storage e. When the evidence is returned to the submitting officer 7. Which of the following is not a forensic application of science? Identification of human remains through dental x-rays b. Verifying the composition of an aspirin tablet before it leaves the factory c. Identification of a bag of tablets taken from a car when the driver is stopped for erratic driving d.
Determination of why a Ferris wheel crashed at an amusement park when three people were killed 8. Go to the American Academy of Forensic Sciences www. Track Dauberts b. Keep the forensic scientist up to date on some legal aspects of scientific evidence c. Determine when the annual academy meeting is d. Keep track of new types of scientific evidence e.
Tracks dues payments to the academy On the website for the Society of Forensic Toxicology www. Postmortem forensic toxicology b. Analysis of suspected drug powders c. Forensic urine testing d.
Analysis of blood and body fluids for human performance-altering drugs e. All of the above are included in the definition of forensic toxicology Matching Anthropology b. Pathology c. Entomology d. Computer forensics e.
Engineer f. Odontologist Fill in the Blanks Mail fraud is investigated by the. Short Essay Give an example of dentistry odontology that is forensic and one that is not. Do the same thing for engineering. An increasing trend in crime scene investigation is to have forensic scientists from a crime lab go to some crime scenes and help the crime scene investigators search for evidence. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this practice? Since , the national forensic science system in the United Kingdom now operates on a fee-per-service basis.
Everyone, police and defendants alike, is charged for forensic analysis, whereas in the U. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each system? Why do you think that the U. Further Reading James, S.
Nordby, eds. Saferstein, R. Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science. Siegel, J. Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences. London: Academic Press, Thorwald, J. The Century of the Detective. On the Web Take an online tour of a real crime lab. To be able to describe the characteristics of a crime scene 2. To be able to list the steps in the investigation of a crime scene 3.
To be able to list the steps in the collection of evidence 4. To be able to define chain of custody and describe its elements 5. To be able to list and describe the ways of searching a crime scene 6. To be able to list and describe the ways of documenting a crime scene 7.
It is a flow chart of the movement of evidence from collection to processing at the crime lab to presentation in court. For example: A death must be ruled a homicide before anyone can be tried for murder or a fire must be ruled as an arson in order for a person to be tried for setting the fire. For repeat offenders, an MO may assist investigators in locating the suspect due to his or her characteristic way of committing the crime.
These methods employ spiral, grid, line, or zone techniques. Introduction A crime has been committed. It was a recent event, but it happened in the past, therefore a crime scene can be thought of as a piece of history. Like all historical places, the crime scene has a story to tell. Anthropologists and archaeologists investigate places where ancient civilizations once lived.
They look for evidence of who lived there and how they lived. Perhaps they will find clues as to the fate of the citizens.
Historians examine the site of a Civil War battlefield to learn many things, like how the battle was fought, how many people fought and died, what they wore, and what armaments they used.
Crime scene investigators carefully and systematically sift through a crime scene to learn how and when the crime was committed, who committed it and why, and perhaps what items may have been removed from the scene.
The Crime Scene as Recent History It is useful to think of a crime scene as history because it has much in common with older historical sites. The proper methods of conducting an archaeological dig and reconstruction of a battle are similar to the methods that should be used to successfully search a crime scene. Some areas of similarity are as follows. A historical scene changes all the time, especially if it is outdoors. For ancient ruins, this may not be too important in the short run.
A couple of weeks of delay in searching a ten-thousand-year-old village will probably have little consequence. For crimes that occurred only a few hours or days 32 Forensic Science: The Basics, Second Edition ago, however, time may be of the essence.
The trail gets cold really quickly. There must be a plan for systematically searching the site that ensures that no stone is left unturned without needlessly covering the same area again and again.
Safety of the scene searchers must be considered. Hazards at the ancient remains of a city are going to be different from those at a modern crime scene, although the flooring in a house that had major fire damage may be just as unstable as the ancient ruins of a building.
Only highly qualified, trained personnel should conduct the search of the site. Contamination must be minimized by permitting access to the site to as few people as possible. Additionally, those persons at the scene may be asked to give elimination samples if necessary to compare with collected evidence. Every instance of searching an historical site further changes it.
Evidence is found and then is moved or removed. Gathering evidence is a vital part of learning the story of the site. Once it changes, it will never be the same again. This is an important concept in searching a crime scene. The crime scene must be documented thoroughly so that a record can be made of its condition when the crime occurred.
This includes labeling the location of each piece of evidence when it is discovered. Ultimately, the evidence will be useful in establishing that a crime has actually occurred and someone must be prosecuted for it, a process called corpus delicti.
One major difference in the documentation of a crime scene from that of historical sites is that there must be a chain of custody for each piece of evidence that is removed from the scene.
The chain of custody begins when the evidence is discovered. In the remainder of this chapter, the crime scene investigation process will be detailed. Evidence collection procedures described are recognizing evidence, documentation of evidence, collection of evidence, and the delivery of evidence to the laboratory for analysis. Crime Scene Investigation Process A number of procedures take place at a crime scene. Some procedures are always followed, while others depend on the nature of the scene and the circumstances surrounding the crime.
Figure 2. A witness sees a crime in progress and reports it to the police. A victim of a crime reports it to the police. The police discover a crime in progress. In the first case, someone witnesses a crime in progress. An example of this is when someone is walking down the street at night and sees someone leaving a dark electronics store with arms full of merchandize.
No one else seems to be around. In an example of a crime being reported by a victim, the owner of a small business arrives at work one morning and finds that the safe has been opened and money stolen. The owner calls the police to report the robbery and the crime scene investigation begins.
Textiles comprise of different fibers and have a great role in collecting evidences. Same is the case with spores and pollens. The examination of spores also requires skill and technique. Forensic science book imparts these skills in readers. DNA finger printing has brought revolutions in forensic science. The study of finger prints and their collection is crucial. There is special emphasis on finger print analysis in the book. Activities are also there to enable readers have a grasp over the topic.
Moreover, DNA finger printing sees an in depth explanation. Forensic Science Fundamentals and Investigations has much more. It teaches investigations of soil, fingerprinting and glass. Special chapters on forensic anthropology and death study are also treat to read. Furthermore, review questions and MCQs are given at the end of each chapter. So, this book is critical and provokes mind usage. Share this:. Common sustained research projects to answer a question Activity Crime-Scene Investigation.
Forensic science: Fundamentals And investigations, 2e true -false, multiple choice, and short answer, highlight and a writing activity. Bertino, and investigations activity handout answersforensic science fundamentals and. Results 1 - 24 of Forensic Science: Crime Scene Review Worksheet and Answer Key This activity requires students to answer 12 questions related to mitosis and the cell cycle.
Crime Scene Investigation ActivityCrime scene printables,. Chapter 3. All rights Reserved.
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