However, when you build bridges by creating a network link this approach on its own is inadequate. Any potential benefits of connecting must be weighed against the risks to your own data. In a healthcare environment, this data is often of a highly sensitive nature. Even connecting a home computer may expose data, such as banking details, which you would prefer to remain private.
Why connect in such an open way? In other words, why don't we connect only to trusted computers over trusted network links, thus extending our own trusted computing base? Enter the intranet.
Intranets are suited to smaller organizations with enforced security policies and strict personnel control--something not always attainable within a large health service. They are by nature restrictive, as security through exclusion conflicts with the potential of a network to enhance medical communications in a connected world.
Intranets may provide a false sense of security: as the electronic thief attacks the weakest link in the chain, security measures must reflect this. A properly secured intranet therefore demands such things as locked rooms for terminals, physiological checks for terminal access, and armoured, pressurized cables to detect cable tapping.
Although communicating parties do not need to invest in a private network infrastructure, they have no control over the network used and no guaranteed standard of service. The lack of interoperable implementations has been the main impediment to the deployment of VPNs to date [ 6 ]. Just as you wouldn't allow anybody to listen in to your telephone conversation, so you need to care for your Web browsing sessions and e-mail exchanges.
For this purpose you need a firewall, designed to prevent damage to your system. Whether you are connected to NHSnet or the Internet the security threats to your data in transit are the same; data may be subject to loss, late delivery, damage, or attack. Against loss or lateness, there is little the individual can do, but damage or attack can be dealt with. You should assume the wires or other network infrastructure could be got at--as indeed they can--and thus must give your data a metaphorical envelope to maintain its integrity and privacy.
This is precisely what cryptography can do. A popular technique for protecting messages in transit is so-called asymmetric public-key infrastructure PKI cryptography.
Alice and Bob who wish to exchange messages each use an algorithm based on very large prime numbers to develop two separate but related numbers, by way of typing in a pass-phrase.
If Alice wishes to send a message to Bob, she finds his public key typically from a directory , writes her message, and encrypts addresses the data to Bob's public key, thus producing a unique set of digital data. Bob receives this in encrypted form and uses his private key to extract the data back into Alice's original text message.
This process is illustrated in Figure 1. In use, this is easier than it sounds, and confers integrity the data haven't been manipulated , authenticity the identity of the sender is known , nonrepudiation the data can't be disowned and privacy on the data.
Any attempt to interfere or damage the contents messes up the mathematics, and the message becomes unintelligible, thus warning the recipient not to trust it. Provided the verification of the identity of the key-holders is carried out in a dictatorial fashion, the origin authentication of the message is also assured. If only Alice knows the private phrase key to make an exchange work, then only Alice can have sent the message. As we move towards a browser-accessible type of electronic patient record there will arise a need to protect the exchange of data from leakage and attack.
A precedent has been set by the widespread practice of Internet banking and commerce, which out of necessity involves transmitting confidential information. It uses a symmetrical one-time electronic key that works between the browser and the server for as long as the connection is open. When the session ends, the encryption dies with it, and thus it depends largely on its length of key structure and short time of operation for its safety. The information presented below is just an example of how your privacy and security can be breached by hackers on the internet.
Here are some of the biggest risks that you should watch out for. Everywhere around you may be operated with the Internet of Things. If you understand how privacy and security operate, then you will be able to avoid a few potential risks that can come on your way. For example, students use a lot of services when write own paper and read the review about this service.
Take an examplefrom them. Hacking is a widespread activity of many people around the globe. They do this in order to steal information. There are a lot of hackers nowadays that develop malware in order to penetrate in different IoT infrastructures. In fact, the company Eurecom was able to obtain data from more than 30, images. The pictures show how IoT is still vulnerable to potential attacks and backdoor penetrations.
This means that any hacker can get unauthorized access when they discover these vulnerabilities. The large amount of data that IoT can collect in a few minutes can be mind-blowing.
There are over 5, houses that generate more than million of data every day. This provides a staggering amount of money if hackers can gain access to it. An example is Federal government, which can spy the television channels or the websites that you are watching when the metered data on an IoT is unencrypted. When the session ends, the encryption dies with it, and thus it depends largely on its length of key structure and short time of operation for its safety.
Assurance of identity authentication on the Web presently requires the use of a certificate supplied by a third party Certificate Authority, such as VeriSign Inc. The process is illustrated in Fig.
In the UK the Electronic Communications Act provides the legal framework for the recognition of digital signatures [ 8 ].
Viruses are small segments of code that have been inserted into computer files, often with malicious intent. An infected file may cause annoyance or the loss of data. In theory, any file you download from the Internet is a potential vector.
Viruses may also be present in files attached to e-mail messages but cannot be transmitted via a text-only e-mail itself. Some viruses are activated when you use an infected program; others merely require you to view an infected document. However, even if your software is regularly updated it won't catch all viruses especially new ones. Security should be based on the sound sense of not opening e-mails from unknown sources or those containing unusual message headers.
The protection of personal data in a connected world defaults not so much to high-tech applications or hardware, as to careful management of staff and relatively common techniques to ensure the simple, frequent risks are catered for.
The determined criminal or government agency will get access somehow, but what matters to doctors is making sure that we take care of the data we collect about patients in a manner appropriate to the twenty-first century.
This paper was originally published as a book chapter, in: Bruce c. McKenzie ed. Edited by G Eysenbach; This is a non—peer-reviewed article. Skip to Main Content Skip to Footer. Security, privacy, and confidentiality issues on the Internet Security, privacy, and confidentiality issues on the Internet Authors of this article: Grant Kelly ; Bruce McKenzie.
Article Authors Cited by 16 Tweetations 4 Metrics. Privacy resources on the Internet. Caldicott Principles In relation to identifiable patient information: Justify the purpose s for using confidential information. Only use it when absolutely necessary.
Use the minimum that is required. Access should be on a strict need-to-know basis. Subscriber Account active since. This growth carries several benefits, as it will change the way people carry out everyday tasks and potentially transform the world.
Having a smart home is undoubtedly cool and will draw oohs and aahs from your guests, but smart lighting can actually reduce overall energy consumption and lower your electric bill. New developments would allow connected cars to link up with smart city infrastructure to create an entirely different ecosystem for the driver, who is simply used to the traditional way of getting from Point A to Point B.
And connected healthcare devices give people a deeper and fuller look at their own health, or lack thereof, than ever before.
But with all of these benefits comes risk, as the increase in connected devices gives hackers and cyber criminals more entry points. Late last year, a group of hackers took down a power grid in a region of western Ukraine to cause the first blackout from a cyber attack.
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